The Digital City of Zajecar - GIS Smart specialization for waste management, electrical mobility, product recycling, and further application

Digital City of Zajecar - GIS Smart specialization for waste management, electrical mobility, product recycling and further application.

GIS-based development City Zajecar strategy
Sustainable examples and suggestions of technological innovations was presented through the GIS Waste Management Model, electrical mobility, IoT technology in the transport system, and examples of a Circular economy. 

EcoTimOK: Darko Milosevic, Jugoslav Protic, Miroslav Piljusic, Marina Jovanovic, Ivana Zivic, Anital Lazarevic
Contact details: Darko Milosevic, Ph.D.; +381645558581;

The potential for better implementing adequate waste management in urban settlements
In recent years the generation of waste in urban areas of municipalities has increased, accompanying the increase in living standards and urbanization. A shift towards a circular economy, producing less or even no waste, could be the alternative. 

GIS-based development City Zajecar strategy
Sustainable examples and suggestions of technological innovations was presented through the GIS Waste Management Model, electrical mobility, IoT technology in the transport system, and examples of a Circular economy. 

Solution context
The assessment of smart and sustainable cities, however, is a major challenge due to complex, complicated, and chaotic nature of our cities. This makes the available monitoring and evaluation tools difficult to adopt and apply in different urban contexts to support urban planning and governance and foster evidence-based policymaking. In order to address this issue, the paper brings together GIS-based development concept with smart and sustainable cities. GIS-based development is a vision that considers data as the central structuring element of a development strategy.

The best way to respond to the waste management challenge for the city of Zajecar is through the process of entrepreneurial discovery. We presented a draft of the Regional Waste Management Plan, given recommendations related to the private-public partnership for the establishment of a Regional Recycling Waste Collection Center. Sustainable examples and suggestions of technological innovations was presented through the GIS Waste Management Model, electrical mobility, IoT technology in the transport system, and examples of a Circular economy. The patented technology converts organic wastes into a biogas that closes the circular economy loop.

Solution description

Smart City Zajecar team solutions include:
Mapping in GIS, use of drones, video bases and images
Full digitization (for example, Wildfire location, main landfills, hydrology, geology, annual temperature, agriculture landfill ...).

Smart integrated multi-modal transport system and waste management platform: collection and disposal of waste. Multi-criteria decision-making approach (MCDM) involves the development of a conceptual framework, the attribution of weights by a panel of experts and the application of the model. The model is composed of 16 sustainability indicators grouped into seven impact areas, including air, energy, soil, water, buildings, transportation, and waste.

Ecological and efficient electric vehicles that enable quick and accurate waste collection.
Self-contained mobile garbage cans, with a solar panel.

Through partnership and access from the bottom to the top, smart specialization brings together local authorities, the academic community, the business sphere, and civil society in their efforts to implement long-term growth strategies. It can significantly contribute to the integrated approach on which macro-regional strategies are based. This process could be coordinated at the local level by accredited regional development agencies from East Serbia, in close cooperation with local economic development offices (LER).

Darko Milosevic. PhD:
– Digital competence – Creating and deploying Software as a service (SaaS) in various industries (telecom, hotel management, online sales, transport), for the last 9 years.
– Learning to learn – Can achieve a high level of expert knowledge in the company for just a few months. Research and development, operational plan, AIDA concept of re-engineering, reorganization, software development, training.
– A sense of initiative and Entrepreneurship. For the last 20 years, I worked in the family business and successfully ran my own company.
– Disruptive innovation industry. In the period from 2005 to 2011, I led a successful Online Booking system for hotels and competed with companies such as Booking.com, Tripadvisor.com, and Yahoo.com, until Google.com entrance to the marketplace.
– Cultural awareness and expression. Studied in France, Italy, Serbia, plan to continue post-PhD studies in Germany. Also, 5 years a member of the Slovenian Cultural Association “Ivan Cankar”, understand and speak Bulgarian and Polish.
– Successfully combine mathematical and interpersonal skills in the knowledge-based economies

THE PLASMA CONVERTER SYSTEM

THE PLASMA CONVERTER SYSTEM (PCS -- Waste to Energy)

The PCS is an electrochemical system powered by electricity that produces an intense field of radiant energy (plasma) that causes the dissociation (breaking apart) of the molecular bonds of solid, liquid and gaseous compounds or materials of both hazardous and nonhazardous wastes (feedstock) organic and inorganic. Within the PCS, the molecules of the waste material are separated into their elemental components (atoms), and then reformed into recoverable nonhazardous commodity products ready for commercial use. The PCS process is not a burning process, and it should not be confused with an incinerator. The PCS is a system whose principal feedstock is hazardous and nonhazardous waste. The heart of the PCS is "the plasma chamber." This vessel is equipped with a plasma torch that produces an intense field of radiant energy. Feed materials enter through an airlock system into the vessel where they are subjected to the intense energy of the plasma field. Materials undergo molecular dissociation and decompose into their elemental components...their atoms. 

Oslo Waste to Energy Plan (OV) Short documentary produced for science program "TM Wissen" for the Austrian channel ServusTV/Red Bull TV.

Plazma rasplinjavanje

Plazma rasplinjavanje je proces koji je izmislio Ethan Dodson, a radi na principu pretvorbe anorganskog i organskog materijala, najčešće otpada, u sintetski plin, izdvojene metale i trosku koristeći tehnologiju plazme. Električni luk stvara se tzv. plazma-bakljom koji ionizira inertni plin te „razbija” kemijske veze organske materije stvarajući sintetski plin. Anorganski dio sirovine odvaja se na dnu peći kao rastaljeni metali i troska koja „pliva” iznad rastaljenih metala. Najčešće se koristi u grani gospodarenja otpadom, no svoju primjeni pronalazi i u rasplinjavanju biomase i krutih ugljikovodika kao što je to ugljen. ^[1]

Sadržaj

• 1Postupak primjene u gospodarenju otpadom
• 2Konačnim postupkom rasplinjavanja otpada plazmom:
• 3Prednosti
• 4Nedostaci
• 5Usporedba spaljivanja i rasplinjavanja otpada
• 6Izvori

Postupak primjene u gospodarenju otpadom

Proces započinje sakupljanjem i pripremom otpada. U procesu se može koristiti bilo koja vrsta otpada koja ima neku ogrjevnu vrijednost koja će rezultirati dobivanjem sintetskog plina. Također kao sirovina može se koristiti i medicinski otpad te kemijski kontaminiran otpad, no ne i radioaktivni otpad. Otpad koji u većini sadrži anorgansku sirovinu rezultirati će većom količinom rastaljenog metala i troske, te smanjiti proizvodnju sintetskog plina. Prednost troske je da nije kemijski reaktivna te se može lako koristiti u danjoj obradi, najčešće kao građevinski materijal. Otpad se ne mora usitnjavati prije obrade, no njegovim usitnjavanjem osiguravamo bolji prijenos topline i brži postupak rasplinjavanja. ^[2]
Otpad se dovodi standardnim komunalnim vozilima i istresa se u reaktor. Reaktor je zapravo postrojenje slično visokoj peći gdje donji dio završava kao krnji stožac u kojem su postavljene plazma-baklje. Broj plazma-baklji ovisi o kapacitetu postrojenja, no broj varira od 2 do 6 baklji. Cijeli reaktor je u stanju podtlaka kako bi se spriječilo izgaranje, stvaranje pepela te curenje plinova izvan reaktora. ^[3]
Plazma-baklja najčešće kao radni plin koristi inertni plin argon. Elektrode mogu biti od bakra, volframa, hafnija, cirkonija ili posebnih legura. Jaka struja pod velikim naponom prolazi između dvije elektrode kreirajući električni luk. Inertni plin pod tlakom prolazi preko električnog luka i biva ioniziran stvarajući plazmu.^[4] Plazma se zna promatrati kao 4. agregatno stanje tvari, te zapravo predstavlja plin sa slobodnim elektronima koji su izašli iz valentne ljuske dovođenjem određenog iznosa energije (električni luk) te mogu slobodno provoditi struju i generirati magnetsko polje.^[5] Temperatura baklje dostiže visoke temperature koje variraju od 2,200 do 13,900 °C, no za potrebe rada s komunalnim otpadom dovoljna je temperatura u rasponu od 2,700 do 4,300 °C. Zbog visokih temperatura veliki značaj se doprinosi sistemu hlađenja plazma-baklji. ^[6]

Poprečni presjek DC plazma baklje kod koje se električni luk stvara unutar same baklje (zbog položaja katode i anode). Vidljiva je šiljasta katoda i prstenasta anoda. Ulaz i izlaz rashladne vode je naznačen na crtežu te je vrlo bitan zbog visokih temperatura koje baklja postiže. Električni luk prikazan je samo kao ilustracija.

Ubacivanjem sirovine u rektor započinje proces rasplinjavanja. Zbog vrlo visoke temperature koju kreira plazma-baklja, dolazi do razlaganja organskih molekula na osnovne atome i molekule koji tvore sintetski plin (većinom kreiran od vodika i ugljikovog monoksida). Proces razlaganja naziva se piroliza. Nastali sintetski plin izlazi iz reaktora pri temperaturi od otprilike 1000 °C te ga je potrebno ohladiti do otprilike 600 °C kako bi se spriječilo stvaranje štetnih spojeva na višim temperaturama. Hlađenjem plina dolazi do pregrijavanja i stvaranja vodene pare u izmjenjivaču topline, te se para preusmjerava na parnu turbinu stvarajući, posredstvom generatora, električnu energiju koja gotovo zadovoljava potrebe procesa za električnom energijom. Nakon ohlađivanja sintetskog plina potrebno ga je očistiti od raznih nečistoća te se koristi metoda cikličkog separatora gdje teže čestice padaju na dno separatora, a pročišćeni plin djelovanjem uzgona prolazi na daljnje čišćenje. Prolaskom kroz filtere u sintetskom plinu zaostaju dušikovi oksidi koji se pročišćavaju prolaskom kroz niz katalitičkih pretvornika koji razdvajaju dušikove okside na kisik i dušik. Daljnjim kemijskim pročišćavanjem odstranjuju se ostaci žive, sumpora i klorovodika. Kao rezultat dobiva se maksimalno pročišćen sintetski plin koji se vodi do plinske turbine gdje prisutstvom generatora stvara električnu struju koju koristi postrojenje, a višak se prodaje i šalje preko dalekovoda u električnu mrežu. Također pročišćeni plin se može komprimirati u spremnike i koristiti u proizvodnji metanola i ostalih sintetičkih goriva. ^[7]
Na dnu reaktora, u procesu rasplinjavanja, dolazi do odvajanja anorganskih tvari koje se rastapaju i na izlasku iz reaktora hlade i skrućuju. Pri hlađenju metali se odvajaju, a anorganska troska ostaje kao kamen staklaste strukture koji se koristi kao tehnički kamen. Teški metali zaostali u troski ne mogu se izlučiti. ^[8]

Proces zbrinjavanja otpada primjenjujući tehnologiju plazma rasplinjavanja. Ubacivanjem sirovine u reaktor započinje proces rasplinjavanja. U reaktoru se zbog velike temperature sirovina razdvaja na sintetski plin, metale i trosku staklaste strukture. Metali i troska se odvajaju na dnu reaktora, a sintetski plin se dodatno pročišćava. Plin se pri izlasku iz reaktora hladi te pregrijava paru u izmjenjivaču topline koja se odvodi na parnu turbinu. Para se prolaskom kroz turbinu kondenzira i pročišćuje te se kao krajnji produkt dobiva destilirana voda. Iz sintetskog plina se izdvaja klorovodik i sumpor te se pročišćeni plin odvodi na plinsku turbinu gdje zajedno sa parnom turbinom, uz prisutstvo generatora, generira električnu struju koja se koristi u procesu, a višak prodaje u električnu mrežu.

Konačnim postupkom rasplinjavanja otpada plazmom:

• rješavamo problem otpada
• generiramo električnu energiju za pokretanje plazma-baklje, a višak prodajemo
• dobivamo odbačene metale iz otpada koji se recikliraju i ponovo koriste
• dobivamo krutu trosku kao građevinski materijal
• dobivamo klorovodik iz klora
• dobivamo natrijev bisulfit iz odvojenog sumpora

uz minimalne emisije stakleničkih plinova.

Prednosti

Prednosti korištenja tehnologije rasplinjavanja plazmom u rješavanju problema otpada:

• Čisto zbrinjavanje kemijsko kontaminiranog otpada
• Sprječavanje kontaminacije tla kod zbrinjavanja otpada zakopavanjem
• Nema emisija štetnih plinova
• Proizvodnja kemijski ne reaktivne troske koja se koristi kao građevinski materijal
• Proizvodnja sintetskog plina za proizvodnju električne energije iz organskog otpada
• Izvlačenje korisnih metala iz otpada
• Manje emisije stakleničkih plinova u usporedbi sa spaljivanjem otpada

Nedostaci

Glavni nedostaci korištenja tehnologije plazme u rješavanju problema otpada:

• Veliki investicijski trošak u usporedbi sa procesom zakopavanja otpada
• Plamen plazme uzrokuje smanjenje promjera otvora za uzimanje uzoraka što zahtjeva povremeno održavanje

Usporedba spaljivanja i rasplinjavanja otpada

Rasplinjavanje na osnovi plazme	Spaljivanje
potpuno razlaganje	nepotpuno razlaganje
nema katrana, dioksina i furana	velike količine katrana i furana
nema pepela	30% pepela
sve vrste otpada*	samo ogranskih otpad
nije potrebno sortiranje	sortiranje se zahtjeva
veliki kapacitet	veiliki kapacitet
vrlo male emisije	visoke emisije
vlaga nema utjecaj na proces	vlaga utječe na proces
komadi i do veličine od 1m3	maksimalna veličina komada 30 cm3

'*' osim jako radioaktivnog otpada

Izvori

1. Jump up ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_gasification
2. Jump up ↑ https://http://hrcak.srce.hr/16461
3. Jump up ↑ https://http://hrcak.srce.hr/16461
4. Jump up ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_gasification
5. Jump up ↑ http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm
6. Jump up ↑ https://http://hrcak.srce.hr/16461
7. Jump up ↑ https://http://hrcak.srce.hr/16461
8. Jump up ↑ https://http://hrcak.srce.hr/16461

TRETMAN OTPADA PLAZMA TEHNOLOGIJOM

U ovom radu dat je kratak pregled mogućih tretmana otpada uz korišćenje energije i predstavljena plazma tehnologija kao trenutno najsavršenije tehnološko rešenje. Rad je baziran na iskustvima razvijenih zemalja i saznanjima autora iz raspoloživih izvora. Pošto se Srbija nalazi pred velikim zahtevima, kako obaveza vezanih za evrointegracije, tako i sopstvenih strateških ciljeva, zaključak ovog rada jeste da je neophodno posvetiti posebnu pažnju plazma tehnologiji, jer je glavni razlog za njeno ranije odbacivanje, visoka cena, znatno umanjen, te i tu opciju treba iznova razmatrati.

Ključne reči: č vrst otpad, upravljanje otpadom, plazma tehnologija, energija iz
otpada, plazma konverter, prerada otpada, insineracija, staklasta šljaka, zaštita životne sredine, investicioni trošak

1. Uvod
Usled sve većeg demografskog rasta, industrijalizacije, urbanizacije i ekonomskog bogatstva, nagomilavaju se i sve veće količine otpada, kako u razvijenim zemljama, tako i u zemljama u razvoju. Zbog toga što je hemijski sastav otpada složeniji, on sve više ugrožava čovekovo zdravlje i okolinu.

Nagomilavanje čvrstog otpada predstavlja jedan od krupnijih problema naše civilizacije, kako sa komunalnog aspekta, tako i sa ekološkog, sanitarno-epidemiološkog, tehnološkog, urbanističkog, građevinskog, hidrološkog i energetskog. Povećanje broja stanovnika, urbanizacija i industrijalizacija direktno utiču na rast potrošnje svih vrsta, što ima za posledicu povećanje čvrstog otpada koji se mora prikupiti, transportovati i preraditi na način koji zadovoljava pre svega sanitarne uslove, a potom i tehničko-tehnološke, ekonomske i ostale uslove vezane za zaštitu životne sredine.

Porast cena energenata, ostvarenje manje zavisnosti od uvoza energenata, kontrola gasova koji izazivaju efekat staklene bašte, u saglasnosti sa Kjoto protokolom, i smanjenje negativnih uticaja na životnu sredinu, razlozi su za istraživanje i razvoj postupaka za ponovno iskorišćenje otpada širom sveta. Osim ekonomskih efekata, glavni razlozi koji ograničavaju razvoj ponovnog iskorišćenja otpada su kulturološki, ali i to što su za energetsko korišćenje otpada, koje po pravilu ima nisku toplotnu moć, potrebne predradnje, koje bi omogućile višu efi kasnost i smanjenje negativnih uticaja na životnu sredinu. Ovi problemi posebno pogađaju zemlje u tranziciji i razvoju, kakva je Srbija. Sa sprovođenjem mera za pravilno prikupljanje i korišćenje otpada se kasni, što ima negativne ekološke i ekonomske posledice.

Kao i ostale zemlje Zapadnog Balkana, Republika Srbija je, zainteresovana za prijem u Evropsku uniju, te je potpisala Memorandum o integraciji u energetsko tržište EU. Na taj način, prihvatila je obavezu da sledi politiku i programe EU. Da bi se to ostvarilo, moraju da se donesu mere za podsticanje proizvodnje električne energije korišćenjem komunalnog čvrstog otpada, odnosno da se pomogne u defi nisanju nacionalne strategije u toj oblasti. Pri tom, potrebno je da se pomogne i pojedinim subjektima koji su potencijalni donatori u ovu oblast.

Pored pomenute, već jasno defi nisane državne obaveze Srbije, važan cilj je da se proširi proizvodnja električne energije korišćenjem vlastitih materijalnih resursa, zatim da se smanji zavisnost od uvoza i poveća zapošljavanje stanovništva. Tako bi se iskorišćavanjem otpada u vidu energije ostvarilo i više državnih strateških ciljeva.

Kako se sa jedne strane nameće insineracija kao rešenje, a sa druge činjenica da se takvi procesi u svetu obavljaju uz sve rigoroznije mere zaštite, a u velikom broju slučajeva zabranjuju i gase, nameće se potreba za razmatranjem drugih, prihvatljivijih rešenja. Jedno od njih je i plazma tehnologija, koja se bez razmatranja uvek odbacuje kao skupa.

2. Nastanak, vrste i sastav otpada
Nastanak čvrstog otpada je vezan za određene aktivnosti unutar urbane sredine. Urbanu sredinu, pored objekata za stanovanje i javnih ustanova i površina, čine i objekti pojedinih industrija i medicinski objekti.

Stvaranje otpadnih materija obuhvata one aktivnosti prilikom kojih materije dolaze u takvo stanje da više nemaju upotrebnu vrednost, te se bacaju ili se sakupljaju radi odlaganja.

Komunalni čvrst otpad je otpad iz domaćinstva, otpad koji nastaje čišćenjem javnih površina i otpad sličan otpadu iz domaćinstva koji nastaje u privredi, ustanovama i uslužnim delatnostima (Ilić i Miletić 1998). Taj otpad se redovno prikuplja i zbrinjava u okviru komunalnih delatnosti.

Količina i sastav otpada zavise od niza faktora: stepena ekonomske razvijenosti sredine, klimatskih uslova, veličine grada, načina stanovanja, metoda sakupljanja i transporta otpada, i sl. Mogu se napraviti različite podela otpada, kao što je prikazano na slici 1.

Slika 1. Podela otpada

Postojeće stanje u lokalnim samoupravama Republike Srbije karakterišu nepouzdani i nepotpuni podaci o količini generisanja komunalnog otpada. Količine komunalnog otpada na godišnjem nivou su proračunate na osnovu merenja otpada u referentnim lokalnim samoupravama. Na osnovu rezultata tih merenja, može se usvojiti da gradsko stanovništvo generiše prosečno 1kg komunalnog otpada po stanovniku na dan, dok seosko stanovništvo prosečno generiše 0.7kg otpada/stanovniku/dan. U Beogradu se dnevno generiše 1.2kg otpada/stanovniku. Na osnovu popisa, gradsko stanovništvo čini 57%, dok je 43% seoskog stanovništva. U proseku, stanovnik Republike Srbije generiše 0.87 kg komunalnog otpada/ dan (318 kg/godišnje), a sastav tog otpada, prema raspoloživim podacima, dat je na slici 2.

Slika 2. Prikaz morfološkog sastava komunalnog otpada u Srbiji

3. Upravljanje otpadom
Koncept hijerarhije upravljanja otpadom ukazuje da je smanjenje nastajanja otpada najefektivnije rešenje za životnu sredinu. Međutim, tamo gde dalje smanjenje nije praktično primenljivo, proizvodi i materijali mogu biti iskorišćeni ponovo, za istu ili drugu namenu. Ukoliko ta mogućnost ne postoji, otpad se dalje može iskoristiti kroz reciklažu, kompostiranje ili kroz dobijanje energije. Samo ako ni jedna od prethodnih opcija ne daje odgovarajuće rešenje, otpad treba odložiti na deponiju (Strategija upravljanja otpadom za period 2010–2019. godine, 2010).

U svetu se primenjuju sledeće tehnologije energetske valorizacije komunalnog čvrstog otpada:
• insineracija, sagorevanje,
• gasifi kacija,
• piroliza,
• plazma tehnologija,
• anaerobna digestija,
• korišćenje deponijskog gasa.

Insineracija predstavlja proces kontrolisanog sagorevanja komunalnog čvrstog otpada, radi smanjenja zapremine i dobijanja toplotne energije. Sagorevanje je proces sa koefi cijentom viška vazduha iznad jedan. Dolazi do termo-hemijske konverzije uz oslobađanje hemijske energije goriva, toplotne energije. Primenjuje se kod goriva s ograničenim sadržajem vlage i višom toplotnom moći, koja je najčešće, u slučaju čvrstog komunalnog otpada, između 10 i 13 MJ/kg.

Gasifi kacija je postupak termičke dekompozicije i odvija se slično kao i sagorevanje, ali s koefi cijentom viška vazduha manjim od jedan. Materijal se konvertuje u gas koji se uglavnom sastoji od ugljenmonoksida, vodonika i metana.

Piroliza predstavlja postupak termičke dekompozicije, pri kojoj se materijal zagreva spoljašnjim izvorom toplote bez prisustva vazduha, a kao rezultat se dobija mešavina čvrstog, tečnog i gasovitog goriva. Jedan deo dobijenog goriva koristi se kao izvor toplotne energije za pirolizu.

Plazma proces: komunalni čvrst otpad se zagreva na visoku temperaturu, 3.000 do 15.000°C, pomoću plazma arc (piroliza plazmom u luku). Energija se oslobađa električnim pražnjenjem u inertnoj atmosferi. Ovim putem se organski otpad konvertuje u gas bogat vodonikom, a neorganske materije se nakon topljenja vitrifi kuju.

Anaerobna digestija predstavlja proces mikrobiološke razgradnje bez prisustva vazduha. Prerađuje se visoko vlažna organska materija. Razgradnjom se dobija gas koji se prvenstveno sastoji od metana i ugljendioksida.

Deponijski gas se u najvećoj meri formira bakterijskom razgradnjom, bakterija koje su prisutne u otpadu i zemljištu kojim se deponija prekriva. Za razliku od anaerobne digestije, u ovom slučaju mikrobiološka razgradnja nije u potpunosti kontrolisana, a delimično se odvija i aerobna digestija. Postupak razgradnje isti je kao i kod anaerobne digestije, kao i dobijeni gas.

Svaka od navedenih tehnologija zahteva različite količine ulaznih sirovina, emituje različite količine ugljendioksida, ima različite izlazne produkte i različite je efi kasnosti.

4. Plazma proces
Plazmu je otkrio engleski fi zičar ser Vilijam Kruks (Ser William Crookes, 1832–1914) 1879. godine. Danas se zna da plazma predstavlja jonizovani gas sastavljen od slobodnih elektrona i pozitivnih jona u takvom relativnom odnosu da je gasna sredina spolja gledano elektroneutralna. Da bi neki gas postao plazma, potrebno je dovesti dovoljnu količinu energije da se iz velikog broja atoma gasa izbace neki ili svi elektroni. Takva energija može biti u različitom obliku: termička, električna ili svetlosna. Zavisno od vrste atoma u plazmi, odnosa jonizovanih i neutralnih čestica, kao i energije čestica, postoji veliki broj tipova plazmi različitih karakteristika i ponašanja. Tako plazme mogu da budu relativno razređene i hladne ili veoma guste i zagrejane na izuzetno visoku temperaturu.

Šezdesetih godina XX veka američki istraživački centar NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) razvila je tehnologiju plazma gorionika, koji su bili namenjeni za testiranje materijala za izradu toplotnih štitova svemirskih letelica. Tehnologija je desetak godina kasnije komercijalizovana za primenu u metalurškoj industriji.

Osamdesetih godina prošlog veka, istraživači su započeli ispitivanje mogućnosti primene tehnologije za topljenje čvrstog otpada. Intenzivna energija i visoke temperature (i do 16.649°C) koje razvijaju plazma gorionici, u stanju su da nepovratno razore čvrsti otpad na molekulskom nivou, stvarajući staklastu šljaku bogatu teškim metalima koji se lako mogu regenerisati i ponovo upotrebiti, i gas bogat ugljenikom i vodonikom koji može služiti za dobijanje električne energije.

U procesu spaljivanja ne dolazi do značajnog oslobađanja kontaminata u atmosferu i u proseku emisije dioksina i furana iznose oko 1% vrednosti emisija pri insineraciji. Tehnologiju su zajedno osavremenile jedna britanska i dve američke kompanije, a treća američka kompanija Startech Environmental podigla je taj proces na viši nivo.  Oni su uveli membranski sistem za prečišćavanje gasa u cilju ekstrakcije čistog vodonika za upotrebu u gorivnim ćelijama i takođe adaptirali tehnologiju, kako bi se kao krajnji proizvod mogao dobiti i metanol.

U zavisnosti od ulazne sirovine, menja se samo količina električne energije koja je potrebna za razgradnju otpada i procenat vodonika u gasu. U proseku, plazma konverter troši 1/3 proizvedene struje za sopstvene potrebe, a ostatak od dve trećine ostaje na raspolaganje i može se koristiti u komercijalne svrhe, što smanjuje cenu plazma postupka koja je i jedina mana ove tehnologije.

Slika 3. Prikaz linije za tretman otpada primenom plazma tehnologije

Konstrukcija plazma konvertera, koja se može videti na slikama 3. i 4. omogućava istovremeni unos čvrstog, tečnog i gasovitog otpada. Sistem je sve vreme doziran u malom podpritisku, tako da ispuštanje gasnih materija u okolinu nije moguće, a apsolutni pritisak u samom sistemu približan je atmosferskom. Na dnu se nalazi talog koji sadrži metale, silikate i minerale i koji se kontinuirano ili povremeno može ispustiti iz konvertera. Kada talog očvrsne, postaje staklasta šljaka, veoma stabilna, nerastvorna i neotrovna (ovakve nalaze potvrdila je i Američka agencija za zaštitu životne sredine), pa se može koristiti kao građevinski i termoizolacioni materijal.

Proizvedeni sintetički gas (PCG) ima na izlazu temperaturu oko 1.400°C, koja se spušta do 120°C u procesu hlađenja, a taj višak toplote može se koristiti na razne načine: grejanje, pogonsko gorivo i sl.
Nasuprot ostalim termičkim tehnologijama, plazma konverteru treba znatno manje vazduha, zbog čega je protok gasa mnogo manji i to omogućuje lakše čišćenje gasa, tako da nastaje malo sporednih produkata, koji se inače vraćaju u konverter, gde se razgrađuju. Posle celokupnog procesa čišćenja, prosečna struktura sintetičkog gasa je sledeća: 55% H2, 33% CO, 9% CO2, 2% CH4 i 1% O2. Mogućnosti upotrebe ovakvog gasa su višestruke. Energetska upotreba je moguća klasičnim paljenjem u kotlu za proizvodnju toplote ili posredno, hlađenjem; za proizvodnju električne i toplotne energije u gasnim turbinama, motorima sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem ili čak pogonskim ćelijama. Moguća je i materijalna eksploatacija, jer proizvedeni vodonik postiže čistoću od 99% i može se upotrebljavati kao pogonsko gorivo u vozilima.

Slika 4. Plazma konverter

5. Upotreba plazma tehnologije i fi nansijski osvrt
Trenutno u svetu rade postrojenja sa plazma tehnologijom u Sjedinjenim Državama, Japanu, Australiji, zatim na jugu Italije i u Engleskoj. Pri tom, najstariji evropski plazma konverter je u francuskom gradu Bordou. U fazi realizacije su plazma postrojenja u: Moskvi, Firenci, Poljskoj, Šangaju, Portoriku i još jedno u Australiji (Terzić 2005).

Postrojenje u Mihami-Mitaki, u Japanu, radi od 2002. godine i dnevno obradi 22 t komunalnog otpada i mulja od prerade otpadnih voda, a postrojenje u Utašinaiju (iz 2003. godine) isplativo radi i sa pola kapaciteta, 80t (od projektovanih 165 t), proizvodeći pri radu 5 MW struje (od projektovanih 8 MW za pun kapacitet). Od proizvedene struje 1 MW se prodaje, a ostatak koristi u pogonu, dok se staklasta šljaka koristi za proizvodnju ivičnjaka za trotoare, kao šljunak, pa čak i za izradu nakita. Rok trajanja plazma baklji je 6 meseci, koštaju oko 82.000 €, a u reaktoru se obično koriste dve.

Postrojenja sa plazma tehnologijom imaju niz dobrih karakteristika, kao što su: kapacitet od 0.5 kg do preko 1.000 t prerade na dan; postrojenje može biti mobilno ili stacionarno; zapremina otpada se smanjuje za 300, a medicinskog za čak 800 puta; mogu prerađivati otpad svih agregatnih stanja, vrsta i porekla istovremeno; rade bez buke ili na veoma tihom režimu; mogu raditi i u režimu od par sati dnevno i 24 sata bez prestanka i pauza, hlađenja i sl. a zaustavljanje ili pokretanje procesa može se raditi momentalno bez opasnosti.

Prema proračunu iz susedne Hrvatske (Miličić i Vego 2007), a zbog sličnih ekonomskih, geografskih i društvenih karakteristika, može se izvesti gruba računica investicije koja bi rešila zbrinjavanje otpada u Republici Srbiji.

S obzirom na to da Beograd ima tri i po puta više stanovnika od Splitskodalmatinske županije, za koju je rađen proračun, a sakupi četiri puta više otpada godišnje, može se sa velikom dozom verovatnoće zaključiti da bi investicioni trošak za izgradnju postrojenja sa plazma tehnologijom bio četiri puta veći, tj. 492 miliona eura, operativni troškovi 168.5 miliona eura godišnje, a prihod od dovezenog otpada i prodaje električne energije godišnje oko 180.2 miliona eura. Razlika od 11.7 miliona eura godišnje, sama po sebi je dovoljan razlog za skretanje pažnje na plazma proces, ali glavni argumenti su ipak na strani zaštite životne sredine i održivog razvoja.

Proračuni koji se mogu aproksimirati iz onih sprovedenihu Sjedinjenim Državama, čak ukazuju na to da bi za kapacitet Beograda izgradnja postrojenja koštala manje od 350 miliona eura i da bi proizvodnja etanola mogla biti profi tabilnija od proizvodnje struje.

I na svetskom i na evropskom nivou postoje mnogi podsticajni fondovi namenjeni za realizaciju projekata koji doprinose zaštiti životne sredine. Rešavanje problema komunalnog čvrstog otpada, a posebno ukoliko se on koristi i u energetske svrhe, ima značajan prioritet, pa se za ovakvu investiciju može računati i na fi nansijsku podršku (Studija 2008).

6. Zaključak
Plazma tehnologija je bez konkurencije najbolji tehnološki postupak u upravljanju otpadom, jer svi drugi postupci smanjuju problem, ali ga ne rešavaju. Plazma proces upravo to nudi – rešavanje problema otpada, i to svih vrsta osim radioaktivnog, pri tom skoro bez negativnog uticaja na životnu sredinu i ljudsko zdravlje, a uz najnižu cenu za tretman po toni komunalnog otpada.
Ranije se ova tehnologija odbacivala zbog visoke cene, ali razvojem tehnologije i uračunavanjem ekoloških troškova u proračune za druge procese, dolazi se do zaključka da je cena čak i povoljnija. Dosadašnja loša okolnost (nepostojanje postrojenja za tretman otpada) u Srbiji, sad može postati naša prednost, jer je ulaganje u ovu oblast neminovno i može se iskoristiti da umesto transfera „prljave tehnologije“ Republika Srbija postane lider u upravljanju otpadom u Evropi.

Literatura:

• Dodge, Ed. Plasma gasifi cation: Clean renewable fuel through vaporization of waste. Preuzeto sa:http://www.waste-management-world.com/articles/print/volume-10/ issue-4/features/plasma-gasifi cation-clean-renewable-fuel-through-vaporizationof-waste.html
• Ilić, M. i S. Miletić. 1998. Osnovi upravljanja čvrstim otpadom. Beograd: Institut za ispitivanje materijala.
• Miličić, J. i G. Vego. 2007. „Tehnologija rasplinjavanja na osnovi plazme pri rešavanju problema otpada.“ Časopis Hrvatskog saveza građevinskih inženjera Građevinar 59(7): 607–615.
• Katedra za Inženjerstvo zaštite životne sredine. 2008. Studija mogućnosti korišćenja komunalnog otpada u energetske svrhe (Waste to energy) na teritoriji Autonomne pokrajne Vojvodine i Republike Srbije. Novi Sad: Pokrajinski sekretarijat za energetiku i mineralne sirovine i Fakultet tehničkih nauka Univerziteta u Novom Sadu
• Katedra za Inženjerstvo zaštite životne sredine. 2009. Utvrđivanje sastava otpada i procene količine u cilju defi nisanja strategije upravljanja sekundarnim sirovinama u sklopu održivog razvoja Republike Srbije. Novi Sad: Fakultet tehničkih nauka Univerziteta u Novom Sadu.
• Startech plazma konvertor, katalog u PDF formatu. Preuzeto sa: http://www.step.co.rs/sr/ sistem_konsalting/plazma-konvertor.html
• Strategija upravljanja otpadom za period 2010–2019

Summary: Plasma Technology in the WasteManagement

Th is paper is a short review of possible waste treatments with energy reuse and presents plasma technology, currently the most sophisticated technological solution for the waste treatment. Th e paper is based on the operating experience from the developed countries and the results of the existing research. Serbia will have big requests in future, regarding the integrations in the European Union and national strategic milestones. Th e conclusion of this review stresses that we should give the special attention to plasma technology, since the biggest disadvantage of this technology in the past, huge investment, has been solved with new achievements.

Keywords: waste management, plasma technology, energy from the waste, plasma converter, waste processing, incineration, vitrifi ed slag, environmental protection, investment cost

Svako ko je ikada prošao kraj uličnog kontejnera za smeće u kome je neko izazvao požar zna da spaljivanje nije baš najbolji način za uništavanje otpadaka. Medjutim, američka kompanija Startek smatra da je taj metod idealan.

Važno je samo da temperatura kojom se smeće spaljuje bude oko tri puta viša od one na površini sunca. Njena mašina nazvana ”plazma konvertor“ uništava svaku vrstu smeća - od kuhinjskih otpadaka, preko dečijih pelena do zardjalih šporeta, pa čak i onoga što inače odlazi u kanalizaciju - i to bez ikakvog oslobadjanja štetnih gasova i drugih materija. Posle mehaničke pripreme otpaci se ubacuju u specijalnu komoru gde se izlažu plazmi, odnosno jonizovanom gasu zagrejanom na više od 16 hiljada Celzijusovih stepeni. Na toj temperaturi otpaci ne samo da sagorevaju već se njihovi molekuli razbijaju na atome. Jedini proizvodi u ovom procesu su gas - koji je zapravo mešavina vodonika i ugljenmonoksida, i čvrst materijal sličan vulkanskom staklu. Pomenuti gas može da se konvertuje u gorivo, kao što je etanol, ili u prirodni gas, dok vulkansko staklo može da se koristi za proizvodnju asfalta visoke čvrstine. Inače, proces je samoodrživ, jer se posle inicijalnog paljenja plazme električnom strujom, vreli gas dobijen sagorevanjem smeća koristi za dobijanje pare za turbine, koje okreću generatore za struju. Plazma konvertor je skup - košta oko 250 miliona dolara, ali može da sagori 2 hiljade tona smeća dnevno i isplaćuje se za oko 10 godina.

Vreme razgradnje različitih vrsti otpada

Hiperprodukcija je obeležila svet savremenog čoveka. Zajedno sa ovim fenomenom, savremeno društvo je zadesila i ubrzana i masovna proizvodnja otpada. Poražavajuća činjenica jeste da, uprkos postojanju naprednih tehnologija reciklirinja, većina ljudi ipak praktikuje skoro automatizovano bacanje i nesavesno odlaganje otpada, bez obzira na njegovu vrstu. Ipak, donekle ohrabrujuća činjenica jeste da poreklo ovog načina ophodjenja leži u nedovoljnoj informisanosti gradjanja o štetnosti neekoloških rešenja za otpadne materijale. Kako bismo doprineli projektu eko-edukacije, predstavljamo kratak osvrt na različite vrste otpada zajedno sa periodom njihove biorazgradnje.

1. Plastika
Plastičnim proizvodima može biti potrebno i 1000 godina za razgradnju. Recimo, period razgradnje plastičnih kesa je 10 do 20 godina, dok je plastičnim bocama potrebno 450 godina do totalnog raspada.

2. Alumunijumske konzerve
Ova vrsta otpada se svakodnevno otprema na deponije u velikim količinama. Upravo zbog toga treba imati na umu da je jednoj aluminijumskoj konzervi potrebno od 80 do 200 godina do potpune biorazgradnje.

3. Staklo
Staklu je za razgradnju potrebno oko milion godina, a neki naučnici tvrde da ga ne treba ni smatrati biorazgradivim. Sa druge strane, treba imati u vidu da se staklo i staklene ambalaže lako recikliraju, jednostavnom metodom pretapanja.

4. Papir
Razgradnje papira odvija se u periodu od 2 do 6 nedelja.

5. Ostaci hrane
Naravno, ovde se ne može tvrditi okvirni period razgradnje. Ipak, možemo napomenuti da je, recimo, za ra oko 6 meseci za koru narandže, oko mesec dana za koru banane ili jabuke

6. Baterije
Baterijama je potreban period od sto godina za totalnu razgradnju. Ukoliko se još prisetimo da baterije sadrže toksične materije koje se lako mogu izliti i ugroziti okolinu, složićemo se da je jedan njihov vek predugačak za našu planetu.

Na kraju, treba imati u vidu da neke materije ne mogu da se razgrade. Izmedju ostalih, stiropor spada u grupu nerazgradivih materijala, a osim toga se i teško reciklira. Stoga je jedino rešenje za materijale ove vrste jeste da im se pronadje ekološki prihvatljiva alternativa.

Way to see the video based on GIS map point

[0001] The present invention relates to a three-dimensional video processing technology GIS, and in particular relates to a video map point based GIS search
See approach.

Background technique
[0002] With the GIS (geographic information system, referred to as GIS) is widely used in the field of video surveillance, GIS system slowly transition from 2D to 3D. In the GIS system, the video content is a huge information group, whether the user is viewing video content or video content to be sorted, rather difficult, then how three-dimensional GIS system or to view video content management has become the area is a major problem.

SUMMARY
[0003] The embodiment provides a Video-based GIS map viewing method of the present invention, it is possible to quickly locate the point of the video retrieval, GIS map in order to provide the smell of video viewing and management, improve the efficiency of video processing smell.
[0004] The embodiments of the present invention provides in one aspect of video-based GIS map viewing, comprising:
[0005] Select a coordinate point in the geographic information system GIS map;
[0006] In the coordinate point as the center, according to a preset radius of video graphics rendering;
[0007] overview of all analyzed points of the video image in the video to the video graphics, video and all reference points;
Video signal [0008] The video search point corresponding to the numerals and all the video signals to the video refresh searched list;
[0009] The list of the video, the video is positioned on the GIS map point.
[0010] In another aspect the present invention provides a GIS-based map view point of the video, comprising:
[0011] to obtain the latest data on the GIS map and dynamic point of drawing the dynamic point;
[0012] The dynamic buffering point position search the video, if the video search, the search point corresponding to the video signal from the video, and the video signal to the video refresh list;
[0013] grouping the video list video, and video point of each set of video are numbered;
[0014] According to the video list, video display monitor of the video list on the screen wall splicing system.
[0015] As can be seen from the foregoing technical solutions, embodiments of the present invention has the following advantages:
[0016] The embodiments of the present invention, on the one hand by selecting a GIS map coordinate points in accordance with predefined radius, centered at the coordinate point a video graphics rendering, access points from all the video to the video image and each video point reference, further search of video-video signal corresponding to the searched video signal and to every point of the video the subject of reference are updated to the video list, finally, the video list can quickly be in the GIS map video-point positioning, to quickly view the video needs to improve the efficiency of view.
[0017] The embodiments of the present invention, on the other hand to draw dynamic point by obtaining the latest dynamic point data, dynamic video buffer acquiring location point, and the point the video refresh searched video stream to the video signal table, for can also be grouped for easy viewing of video video list, and a video point of each set of video are numbered, according to the final list of videos, video display monitor screen on the wall to fight the system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION
[0018] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the following embodiments of the present invention will be embodiments in the accompanying drawings as required simply introduced Apparently, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention. embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art is concerned, without creative efforts, can derive from these drawings other drawings.
[0019] An embodiment provided in FIG viewing video-based GIS map points basic flow chart of a method embodiment of the invention;
[0020] The flowchart of FIG. 1a way tap provided by GIS map-based video viewing point method embodiment of the invention;
[0021] FIG. 1b a flowchart of one kind of view according to an embodiment a method selected from the centerline GIS map-based embodiment of the present invention a video point;
[0022] FIG. 1c circle one kind of embodiment according to an embodiment a method flowchart view video based GIS map points of the present invention;
[0023] FIG. 2 provides one kind of viewing video-based GIS map points basic flow chart of a method embodiment of the invention;
[0024] FIG 2a provided in one kind of basic flow diagram of another embodiment of a method based on the GIS map view video of the invention points.
detailed description
[0025] below in conjunction with the present invention, the drawings embodiment, the technical solutions in the embodiments will be apparent to the present invention, completely described, obviously, the described embodiments are merely part of embodiments of the present invention rather than all embodiments . Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art to make all other embodiments without creative work obtained by, it falls within the scope of the present invention.
Embodiment [0026] The present invention provides a way to view the video based on the GIS map point method, can be quickly positioned on the GIS map, video search point, to improve the rate of the video view point.
[0027] In an embodiment of the present invention, GIS map video processing system may be based on Z? Stage control system, the Z? Station camera control system and binding. Video branch point embodiment of the present invention not only quickly search for and locate the point ongoing dynamic video monitor, but also on the history of video-on for quick identification and positioning, and positioning to display, view point to mention video smell efficiency , easy to manage video.
[0028] Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 1. An embodiment provides a GIS map-based video viewing point method of a basic flowchart of the present invention. 1 A view video based GIS map points, comprising:
[0029] Step 110, the coordinates of a selected point on the map information system GIS;
[0030] It will be appreciated that the embodiments of the present invention is based on the GIS map, the video processing system based on the GIS map, each point of a video surveillance camera binding, and monitoring and management by PTZ controller, in the fight sub-window is displayed on the screen wall system. Save in the history of video surveillance PTZ controller down and set viewing history of the video window.
[0031] When the need to view the video point, select a coordinate point on the GIS map, history will recall surveillance video.
[0032] Step 120, to the coordinate point as the center, according to a preset radius of video graphics rendering;
[0033] It will be appreciated that, before the video view point, substantially the entire the video display situation, wherein the selected coordinate point as the center, to a predetermined radius on the GIS map drawn on the video image monitor selection GIS map video.
[0034] Alternatively, the rendered video image may be circular or may be polygonal, not limited herein.
[0035] Step 130, the video is analyzed to get all points of the video image in the video graphics, video and all reference points;
[0036] wherein, be appreciated that the video graphics get all points inside the video, and a video for each reference point, i.e. a point on the video name table itself.
[0037] Step 140, the video signal corresponding point searching video, and all of the reference video signal to refresh the video search list;
[0038] wherein the video signal corresponding to the point video search, after the label for each point of the video and to search a video signal to the video refresh the list, while loading the video signal display, complete history of surveillance video screen on the wall system to fight O load is not significant
[0039] Step 150, based on the video list, locating points on the video GIS map.
[0040] in which, according to the video list refreshes, can be positioned to select the video you want to see points on the GIS map.
[0041] can be understood that, through the video list, you can also view the status of the video equipment. In the video device fails, an alarm can also be real-time, video equipment for timely by checking the status of the video points.
Embodiment [0042] The present invention simply by selecting point coordinates, center point coordinates, to draw a preset radius video graphics, video monitor display history, after the video image acquired out of all the points of the video, and each of a video point numbers, then filter the video signal from the video points corresponding to the search out the video signal and the reference of each video dot refresh to the video list, finally, according to the video stream table after the refresh quickly locate search video points for easy video viewing and management.
[0043] wherein the above-mentioned step 150, the status of the video on the GIS map point method may be selected from the mode bit, and circle line mode is selected mode. In particular, when using tap mode, the above-described step 150 specifically comprises:
[0044] Step 1511, based on the video list, select a point on the video GIS map;
[0045] wherein, for the click mode, video is to select a point on the GIS map.
[0046] Step 1512, the video acquiring point set point associated video;
[0047] wherein, after selecting a specific point of the video, the video acquisition point set point associated with the video.
[0048] Step 1513, video distribution point in accordance with the video set corresponding monitoring point set on the video display screen wall system to fight.
[0049] wherein the video distribution point set by bureau, video monitoring point set corresponding to a video display system screen on the wall to fight.
[0050] For example, a user selects a video map in the GIS point so click floor, the floor set of points acquired video based on the video point, the query video related service data point set, video floor profile generated according to business data. Further, the distribution window click floor fight the wall, so that the window shows the floor wall splicing video distribution.
[0051] In particular, when a line is selected embodiment, the above-described step 150 specifically comprises:
[0052] Step 1521, based on the video list, select the point of the first video and the second video on the GIS map point;
[0053] wherein the line is selected by way of a video segment that is selected. First, select the first point of the video and the second video spot on the GIS map.
[0054] Step 1522, point to the first video and the second video segment dots, and obtaining the set point associated video segment;
[0055] wherein, the first point of the selected video on the GIS map and the second video line dots, while acquiring the video segment associated with the set of points.
[0056] Step 1523, according to the video distribution point set point set corresponding to said video surveillance video display system fight the wall
on the screen.
[0057] wherein the first video segment and a second video point dots of all the video points, points in a distributed video, video display monitor all the video set corresponding to points on the wall splicing system screen.
[0058] For example, by drawing a line segment on the GIS map, that is, the dot formation can take two video segments, a video buffer in accordance with an overview of all video segments formed by points, distribution points according to the points layer video, the video dot distributed, then part of the window is not noticeable on the screen wall system to fight dependents.
[0059] In particular, when using the circle mode, the above-described step 150 specifically comprises:
[0060] 1531, according to the video list, select a point on the video GIS map;
[0061] wherein, for circling mode, first, selecting a point of the video map in the GIS, as the midpoint of the circle when the mode.
[0062] 1532, the center point of the video to draw graphics, and acquiring the video graphics-related set point;
[0063] wherein the selected video to the point as the midpoint, and thus draw the respective pattern, may be circular or may be a triangle, or a polygon except triangle. Obtaining video graphics-related set of points, that is drawing all the video points.
[0064] 1533, according to the video distribution point in the video set corresponding monitoring point set on the video display screen wall system to fight.
[0065] wherein, in a distributed point set of video surveillance video wall system to go on speaking screen is displayed.
[0066] The video from the viewing history point of view, the present invention in view of the starting point of the video described in detail below from the perspective of the video being monitored, the dynamic point of view the detailed description of the video points. As illustrated, Example 2 of the present invention there is provided a GIS map view based on the video-point method, comprising:
[0067] Step 210, obtain the latest data on the GIS map and dynamic point of drawing the dynamic point;
[0068] in which, it is understood that the view of the video is being monitored, to get the latest data point to be monitored and dynamically draw the dynamic point.
[0069] Step 220, the buffer search point position of the dynamic video, if the video search, the search point corresponding to the video signal from the video, and the video signal to the video refresh list;
[0070] wherein the buffer location of the point video dynamic search, if the search, the video refresh the video signal to the video points list.
[0071] Step 230, the video list video packets, and each group of video-numbered video;
[0072] wherein, the video may be a video packet in the list, in order to facilitate viewing of the video and the video of each set point may be numbered accordingly.
[0073] Preferably, the video packet and a list of video-on-numbered indexes quadtree coding mode.
[0074] Step 240, according to the video list, video display monitor of the video list on the screen wall splicing system.
[0075] wherein the video list, may be displayed on a video monitor fight wall.
[0076] When Example view dynamic point video present invention, to obtain the latest dynamic data points and draw the dynamic point, the buffer search positions video motion point, the video signal is searched video point corresponding to refresh the video list, in addition to video list group, as well as the video points are numbered, may favor subsequent viewing. According to the video list, surveillance video wall system in the fight screen. On the video list nearly as good.
[0077] Specifically, as shown in FIG. 2a, embodiment of the present invention is based on the GIS map video view point method provided may include:
[0078] Step 2001, obtain the latest dynamic data points;
[0079] in which, when the dynamic point tracking and monitoring, must obtain the latest dynamic data points.
[0080] Step 2002, rendering real-time dynamic point;
[0081] wherein, according to the dynamic route point, the dynamic draw point.
[0082] Step 2003, real-time dynamic cache position and determines whether the acquired video;
[0083] wherein obtain dynamic video position.
[0084] Step 2004, if no response to the video, then close the dynamic point of video display and exit;
[0085] which, if not obtained the video dynamic point, exits the process.
[0086] Step 2005, if the acquired video, a video on the reference point of the dynamic of the video points where the sorting point;
[0087] If the video is acquired, the reference point of a video dynamic point sort.
[0088] Step 2006, the video search point corresponding to a video signal, and stores the list and the video buffer memory;
[0089] wherein the video search point corresponding to the video signal, and a video signal to the video refresh list, and also can be stored in the memory buffer.
[0090] Step 2007, show surveillance video wall system to fight in sub-window screen.
[0091] wherein, in the wall system fight screen video display window carved out for management.
[0092] Embodiments of the invention on the one hand by selecting a GIS map coordinate point, according to preset radius, the coordinate points to draw a pattern for the video center for all the video from the video image and points to each video point reference, further search of video-video signal corresponding to the searched video signal and to every point of the video the subject of reference are updated to the video list, finally, can quickly locate the video on the GIS map in accordance with a list of videos point, be able to quickly view the video needs to improve the efficiency of view; on the other hand to draw the dynamic point by taking dynamic point of the latest data, the position of the video buffer to obtain dynamic point, and search for the video to the point of the video signal to refresh video stream table, for easy viewing of the video can also be a list of video packet, video and video points for each group are numbered, according to the final list of videos, video display monitor, can improve viewed on screen fight wall system, management the efficiency of the video.
[0093] Those of ordinary skill in the art may understand that the above embodiments of the method steps may be all or part by a program instructing relevant hardware, the program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, the above mentioned the storage medium may be a read-only memory, magnetic or optical disk.
[0094] The above detailed description of one kind of the present invention provides a viewing based GIS map video-point method, those of ordinary skill in the art, according to idea of an embodiment of the present invention, in the particular embodiments and applications will place there is a change, Therefore, the specification shall not be construed as limiting the present invention

Things kind of method and apparatus for Smart City

Technical background:
[0001] With the rapid development of China's economy, the urbanization also showed high growth, rapid expansion of its size, all kinds of large-scale infrastructure construction progress, efficiency and quality of people's living services also put forward higher requirements the traditional model of urban management leads to high cost and low efficiency, difficult to meet the changing needs of urban development, how to use the latest technology to manage urban development of the times, social services, urban management is perceived community needs the most challenging and innovative issue, but also a hot issue expert attention and study areas. Smart City is a body of new ideas, a new model of modern urban construction.
[0002] Historical experience shows: the global economic crisis can often spawned technological revolution. Every financial crisis is pregnant with a new technological revolution, the technological revolution every game will change and promote the development of productive forces in all areas of society. As the world economic crisis of 1857 led to the second electrical revolution as a symbol of technological revolution; the world economic crisis of 1929 led to electronics, aerospace and nuclear technology breakthrough marked the third technological revolution
SUMMARY:
[0003] The present invention relates to a method of the Smart City things means that the cloud-based networking and, by the sensor, RFID, wireless networks, etc. form a complete body smart city service system, to provide modern urban public service life intelligent, universal, scalable system platform and management systems. Construction and implementation of the model, not only government public service innovation processes and models, but also provides unprecedented ease and convenience to people's lives.
[0004] one embodiment of the present invention: The method was smart city network.
[0005] Things wisdom of the Earth, also known as smart cities, is to embed sensors and equipment to the various objects grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, etc., and generally connected to form the so-called "Internet of Things ";" Internet of things "and the existing Internet integrate the social and physical systems to achieve the integration of human; the implementation of smart city city" Internet + Internet of things "material objects associated, can live supercomputers and cloud computing to integrate to achieve social and physical world of financial
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[0006] access to information "cloud computing" deal with things smart city and intelligent control, a business model is calculated through the "cloud computing" implemented, it will publish computing tasks in the resource pool consisting of a large number of computers, allowing users to press the need to obtain computing power, storage space and information services, setting the "cloud" of computing resources that can be self-maintenance and virtual management, computing servers, storage servers and broadband resources, consisting of a wide range of server clusters.
Invention [0007] The present two: Networking the wisdom of the earth material.
[0008] fusion of many things smart city cluster, network links, upgrade to a smarter planet of things to things smarter planet as a new model, the implementation of super-intelligent, smarter planet Earth as the direction of future development, leading the city to upgrade to the wisdom of wisdom Earth to things, to create a smart city construction, urban development provides a new model of the future, to promote the expansion of smart city in the world, the development of smart city, a cluster composed of a smarter planet.
[0009] The embodiment of the present invention, three things Smart City configuration method.
Configuration method [0010] the wisdom of the city, through the establishment of a sensor in infrastructure and manufacturing equipment to capture all kinds of information during operation and access to the Internet through sensors, processing instructions issued by the wisdom of computer analysis, and then fed back to the sensor, thereby forming material objects connected, is connected to the characters, moving linked intellectual formation of things smart city; smart city things connections include: city restaurant of things, tourist sites in city tourism safety net, urban water environment of things, urban ocean of things, city vehicle networking, network security cities and communities, urban and electric energy network, they complement each other, formed of things smart city.
The core method [0011] Smart City is a multi-intelligence methods utilized in networking, cloud computing and other new generation of information technology as the core to change the way government, business and people interact with one another, including for people's livelihood, environmental protection, the various needs of public safety, city services, including industrial and commercial activities to make fast, intelligent response, raising the city's operating efficiency, create a better life for urban residents.
[0012] Fourth, the structure of the device of the present invention smart city. [0013] Smart City by a perceptual layer, network layer, wisdom and cloud layer, application layer.
[0014] The perception layer from various sensors, RFID, card reader device, and wireless transmission underlying middleware bottom emitting modules and other components.
[0015] Network interconnection layers of a wireless communication network, a wireless router, a wireless router node, the middleware layer network, the wireless transmitter and receiver and other components.
[0016] Wisdom and cloud layer was made networked data processing center, large-scale computer data storage center, the center of mass intelligent software, cloud computing center, and an output interface cloud computing middleware centers.
[0017] The application layer by the "smart city management systems, intelligent transportation, smart logistics, smart healthcare, smart energy and electricity, smart home, intelligent community" and so on.
[0018] perception layer is the use of any variety of devices, quick access to any information and analysis to facilitate immediate response and long-term planning.
[0019] Network interconnect layer refers to various forms of network bandwidth communication tool, the connection information and data, and interactive multi-share, the environment and traffic conditions so that real-time monitoring.
[0020] The application layer refers to the in-depth analysis of the data collected to obtain a more systematic and comprehensive solution to a specific problem to solve in order to better support urban development decisions and actions.
[0021] The present invention Five Things smart city to improve the social environment.
[0022] Things smart city construction upgrades to improve our social environment, living environment, changing between persons and things, contacts between things and things, to enhance people's lives, entertainment, work, social life and other social quality. General tickets for the use of the Internet of Things smart city, with tickets only relaxed a brush can quickly recount clearance, while also providing a lot of information related to the "Things" into it, in the city of exhibitions and other events, things get smart city technology wide range of applications, including logistics, document management, electronic license plate, electronic fence, smart grid, food traceability, vehicle monitoring.
[0023] The present invention Six Things wisdom City to Improve Its modern standards.
[0024] Things wisdom City to Improve Its modern standards, mainly in four aspects: First, urban management, through the wisdom of management, improve the overall efficiency of management of the city; the second is the development of strategic emerging industries, the physical construction of smart city networking Internet Wi-Fi satellite positioning technologies such as cloud computing software design will usher in a new round of large-scale development, especially in the networking industry; the third is technological innovation triggered the trend; fourth is to provide a better city life.
[0025] The present invention seven things unified smart city standards.
When national security is involved [0026] preparation of Things smart city standards, integrated and unified "field of high frequency, ultra high frequency domain" quasi-state standards for the protection of national security of Chinese enterprises, large enterprises to ensure that government agencies collaborate on projects with foreign institutions information is not leaked, the local government to ensure that corporate trade secrets are not even state secrets leak. Things take advantage of smart city standards, the preparation of sensor tags, making it easy to promote the application of networking technology, in addition to the relatively high value-added goods, low-value commodities can also be widely promoted.
Invention [0027] The present: Things smart city services.
[0028] the wisdom of remote medical services, patients can even homes in the community health centers, clinics and high-definition video signal is transmitted through the 4G network, with experts from major hospitals to achieve "face to face" treatment, medical care problems will cease to exist; by "intelligent transportation" service, the public can view real-time traffic video anytime, anywhere using a mobile phone major intersections and roads, access roads clear visual reference information to a reasonable choice of travel routes, and relieve traffic congestion can be effectively out of the picture for us ...... the wisdom of a better future life. However, to make this vision a reality, we need our city managers, industry operators have a conscious and lofty vision of history, combines advanced technology and talents, focus on building urban innovation ability, have their own development priorities areas of strength, leading the development of a policy to dismantle institutional barriers in all aspects of industrial intelligence, wisdom, service, technical wisdom, intelligence infrastructure, intelligence and humanistic wisdom life, or selective focus, or a combination of fields comprehensive advance; good business intelligence industry, service industry wisdom, to do hatch and nurture intelligent industry, service industry market intelligence, in the consolidation and development of the regional markets, with a view to form a national and global markets, and ultimately our wisdom city to our homes, businesses, social unlimited wonderful wisdom of life; to make our family life is more chic, business office easier and more harmonious urban construction. Forming wisdom homeland covering economic, social, infrastructure, governance, human resources and other natural ecosystems. Smart city development, boost the city's economic construction, unlimited potential, unlimited business opportunities.
[0029] The core of the present invention:
Series implantable electronic tag IC Sensors [0030] 1. It contains information such as the type of address, and then integrated wireless transmission module, the bottom sensor chip composition of things, converts the underlying middleware arranged to transmit a wireless transmitter module underlying transport performed by the RFID reader and the data collection, identification card system, and then transmitted to the wireless network system, and then the wireless router system, to transmit a wireless router nodes, via intermediate network layer transport system to the wireless transmitter, acquired by the RFID reader division multiple recognition results, are passed, environmental monitoring and warning system, a wireless receiver, the information service system of things, wisdom and passed until the cloud layer by a data processing center of things, large-scale computer after processing the incoming data storage Center save, and then by massive intelligence software intelligence center output, the output directly to a wireless local area network autonomous network, enter into the cloud computing center by cloud computing treatment, and then enter `to the command center, unified command, by cloud computing and middleware output interface output center, division multiplex, are input to: cell phone or PDA, fast security system , Video surveillance system, the control center of the touch screen control operation screen, RFID tags encryption module encryption system, then by command center division multiple outputs are input to: self-monitoring alarm response system, intelligent urban management system, city catering things, city tourist attractions travel safety net, urban water environment of things, things marine city, urban vehicle networking, network security cities and communities, urban and electric energy network, which formed a whole big things smart city system; the wisdom of things city standard uniform standard specification book above all technical systems, data transmission and exchange.
[0031] 2. It is perceived by a layer, network layer, wisdom and cloud layer and application layer; sensing layer from various sensors, RFID, card reader device, and wireless transmission underlying middleware bottom emitting modules and other components; network interconnection layers by a wireless communication network, a wireless router, a wireless router node, the middleware layer network, the wireless transmitter and receiver and other components; wisdom and cloud layer from an object networked data processing center, large-scale computer data storage center, a large-scale intelligent software centers, cloud computing centers, cloud computing middleware and output interface centers; application layer by the "smart city management systems, intelligent transportation, smart logistics, smart healthcare, smart energy and electricity, smart home, intelligent community" and so on; perception layer access to information, networking and data layer information to connect, interact intelligently handled by the wisdom of the cloud layer, the application layer to guide the implementation, enabling operation of intelligent cities. [0032] The accompanying drawings is a block diagram of the present invention, the following in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, explain the operation of the present invention.
[0033] In the drawings, respectively, 1, series of sensors 2, the electronic tag IC, 3, the wireless transmission module transmitting bottom, 4, RFID system and the card reader 5, a wireless router node 6, a wireless transmitter system 7, the wireless router system, 8, wireless receiver, 9, wireless local area network autonomous network, 10, a large-scale intelligent software center, 11, environmental monitoring and warning systems, 12, of things smart city standard unified standard volume, 13 , command centers, 14, cloud computing middleware and output interface centers, 15 large-scale computer data storage centers, 16, a cell phone or PDA, 17, a safety net for Tourism in the city, 18 cloud computing centers, 19 urban water environment things, 20, video surveillance systems, 21 quick security system, 22, the control center touch screen control operation screen, 23, city vehicle networking, 24, mobile self-monitoring alarm response system, 25, city and community security network, 26, RFID tag encryption module system, 27, city power and energy network, 28, intelligent city management system, 29 city restaurants things, 30, networking information systems facilities, 31, Wisdom and cloud layer was made networked data processing center, 32, the city marine things, 33, intermediate network layer, 34, a wireless transmission network system 35, the underlying middleware.
[0034] wherein the sensing layer, comprising: 1, series of sensors 2, the electronic tag IC, 3, the wireless transmission module transmitting bottom, 4, RFID system and the card reader 35, the underlying middleware.
[0035] wherein the network layer, comprising: 5, wireless router node 6, a wireless system transmitter, 7, environmental monitoring and warning systems, 8, the wireless receiver 32, wireless router system 33, the network layer, middleware, 34, wireless network transmission systems.
[0036] Wisdom and wherein the cloud layer, comprising: 9, a wireless local area network autonomous network, 10, the center of mass intelligent software,
11, the center of the cloud, 14, cloud computing center middleware and output interface 16, a cell phone or PDA, 29, a large-scale computer data storage center, 30, of things facility information system 31, and the wisdom of cloud networking layer was data processing center.
[0037] wherein the application layer, comprising: 12, networking Smart City standard unified register 13, the reader 14, and the output interface cloud computing center middleware, 15, urban food things, 16, a cell phone or PDA, 17, city tourist attractions travel safety nets, 18, fast security system, 19, urban water environment of things, 20, video surveillance systems, 21, city ocean of things, 22, the control center touch screen control operation screen, 23, city car networking, 24, mobile self-monitoring alarm response system, 25, city and community security network, 26, intelligent city management system, 27, city power and energy network, 28, RFID tag encryption module system.
[0038] The process is as follows:
[0039] I-series acquired by the sensor information, the address is determined by the kind of information of the IC tag 2 electrons, transmitted via the converter 35 to the underlying middleware underlying wireless transmission transmitter module 3, transmitted by 3, by the card reader system 4RFID data collection, identification, and then transmitted to the wireless communication network system 34, 32 and then by the wireless router system, to transmit a wireless router node 5, via intermediate network transport layer 33 to the wireless transmitter system 6, four by four points, pass all the way 7 environmental monitoring and warning systems, two-way radio receivers pass 8, passed three-way information service system IOT 30, 31 pass four wisdom and cloud layer by a data processing center of things, after processing incoming 29 31 center of mass storage for computer data storage, and then 10 mass center smart intelligent software outputs, one output directly to the local area wireless network 9 autonomous network, to the other input 11 after cloud cloud computing center calculation processing, and then inputted to the command 13 Center, 13 unified command, middleware and output interface output by the 14 cloud computing centers, division multiplexing, all the way to 16-cell phone or PDA, Road 18 to enter the Quick Setup Security systems, three inputs to the video surveillance system 20, four inputs to the center of the touch screen control 22 controls the operation screen, Rd is inputted to encryption module 28RFID tag encryption system, then after 13 minutes command center 14 multiple output, followed by front information road sort of six inputs to 24 mobile self-monitoring alarm response system, seven inputs to 26 intelligent city management system, nine inputs to the 15 city restaurants things ten inputs to 17 tourist sites in city tourism safety net, eleven inputs to the 19 urban water environment of things, twelve inputs to the ocean 21 cities of things, thirteen inputs to 23 networked city car, fourteen inputs to the 25 cities and communities security network, fifteen inputs to 27 cities power and energy network, consisting of 12 things smart city technology standard uniform standard specification books, data transmission and exchange all of the above systems.